{"id":1980,"date":"2018-04-04T10:42:30","date_gmt":"2018-04-04T15:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/?p=1980"},"modified":"2018-04-05T08:55:50","modified_gmt":"2018-04-05T13:55:50","slug":"cte-reaches-the-high-courts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/?p=1980","title":{"rendered":"CTE Reaches the High Courts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Next week, a potential landmark case will be heard by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/cases\/previews\/18\/0411\/0411.asp#OA170098\">the Ohio Supreme Court<\/a>. This is the first CTE case to reach the high courts. And the stakes could not be higher.<\/p>\n<p>At issue: when does a CTE claim accrue for purposes of the statute of limitations?<\/p>\n<p>The plaintiffs, correctly, argue that CTE is a latent disease that does not manifest until decades after the last brain trauma. As a result, a CTE claim does not accrue until an individual has been diagnosed.<\/p>\n<p>This is consistent with black letter law associated with latent diseases and the application of the bedrock principle of the discovery rule.<\/p>\n<p>The sports industry&#8211;in this case, the NCAA &amp; Notre Dame&#8211;contend that the plaintiffs&#8217; claim is barred because the claim accrued when the player was last exposed to the head trauma. According to the industry, the claim must have been filed decades ago.<\/p>\n<p>This argument is manifestly wrong and highlights the tactics the industry uses\u00a0to distort the science of CTE during the course of litigation.<\/p>\n<p>What&#8217;s more, the sports industry contends that even if the discovery rule applies, then the claim is still time barred since the individual should have known, through the &#8220;exercise of reasonable diligence,&#8221; that he had CTE prior to his diagnosis. The sports industry points to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2995699\/\">very medical literature<\/a> it denies to support this argument.<\/p>\n<p>Stated differently, the sports industry, to this day, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/07\/27\/sports\/nhl-commissioner-gary-bettman-denies-cte-link.html\">still denies<\/a> the existence of the link between repetitive brain trauma in contact sports and CTE. Yet, this very same sports industry contends that the medical literature should have put the plaintiff on notice that he had CTE.<\/p>\n<p>By that logic, then, shouldn&#8217;t the sports industry, through the <em>exercise of reasonable diligence<\/em>, also have known about the risks of CTE and warned accordingly?<\/p>\n<p>Of course. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/intimidating-scientists-documenting-link-between-pro-football-and-traumatic-brain-injury#.WsTyE9TwaUk\">But we know it did not<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This is a classic case of industry doublespeak. Or, the industry trying to have its cake and eat it too.<\/p>\n<p>In either event, the Ohio Supreme Court should affirm the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourt.ohio.gov\/rod\/docs\/pdf\/8\/2016\/2016-Ohio-8041.pdf\">court of appeals decision<\/a>, which agreed with the plaintiffs, and hold that a claim for CTE is a distinct latent disease that does not accrue until an individual has been medically diagnosed.<\/p>\n<p>The arguments will be <a href=\"http:\/\/sc.ohio.gov\/\">live streamed here<\/a>. A summary of the briefs is below, along with links to the dockets and briefs.<\/p>\n<p>*****<\/p>\n<h2><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/cases\/previews\/18\/0411\/0411.asp#OA170098\">Did Brain-Damaged College Football Player Wait Too Long to Sue for Injuries?<\/a><\/h2>\n<p><em>National Collegiate Athletic Association et al. v. Steven Schmitz et al.<\/em>, Case no.\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view the docket for this case. Link opens new window.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourt.ohio.gov\/Clerk\/ecms\/#\/caseinfo\/2017\/0098\" target=\"_blank\">2017-0098<\/a><br \/>\nEighth District Court of Appeals<\/p>\n<p>ISSUES:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"listSpace\">\n<li>Does Ohio\u2019s two-year statute of limitations for a personal-injury tort claim start when the full extent of the injuries are revealed through a formal diagnosis?<\/li>\n<li>Is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) a latent disease or is it the latent effect of previously diagnosed head injuries?<\/li>\n<li>Does the statute of limitations for a CTE personal-injury claim begin when CTE is diagnosed?<\/li>\n<li>Is Ohio\u2019s four-year statute of limitations for a fraud claim reduced to two years if the substance of the fraud claim is an attempt to recover damages for a bodily injury?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>BACKGROUND:<br \/>\nFrom 1974 to 1978, Steven T. Schmitz played college football for the University of Notre Dame, a member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). In December 2012, he was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) by the Cleveland Clinic Neurology Department. He was 57 years old at the time and suffering from memory loss, early onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia, and other health problems. In October 2014, he and his wife, Yvette,\u00a0<a title=\"To formally give the office of the clerk of court a document to enter into the record of a case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/f.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">file<\/a>d a personal-injury\u00a0<a title=\"A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/l.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">lawsuit<\/a>\u00a0against Notre Dame and the NCAA in Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court. Schmitz died in 2015. Yvette Schmitz continues the lawsuit on behalf of the estate of her former husband and to press her own claims.<\/p>\n<p>The couple claims Notre Dame and the NCAA knew or should have known the risks of brain injuries college football players faced and that they ignored the risk. They also claim the NCAA schools encouraged players to use their heads when tackling and blocking and did little to address the concussions players suffered. The couple charges the institutions were\u00a0<a title=\"The failure to act as carefully as a reasonable person would in the same circumstances.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/n.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">negligent,<\/a>\u00a0committed fraud by concealment and constructive fraud, violated stated and implied\u00a0<a title=\"An agreement between two or more people that creates an obligation to do or not to do particular things.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/c.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">contract<\/a>s, and harmed the couple\u2019s relationship (legally known as \u201closs of consortium.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Notre Dame and the NCAA asked the trial court to dismiss the case, claiming the case was filed too late given the\u00a0<a title=\"The deadline by which a lawsuit must be filed or a criminal prosecution started, depending on the type of case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/s.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">statute of limitations<\/a>. The trial court dismissed the case, and Yvette Schmitz\u00a0<a title=\"A request made by a party that has lost on one or more issues for a higher court to review the decision for correctness.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/a.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">appeal<\/a>ed to the Eighth District Court of Appeals. The Eighth District\u00a0<a title=\"The ruling of a reviewing court that the decision of the lower court was correct.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/a.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">affirm<\/a>ed the decision to dismiss the breach of contract claims, but\u00a0<a title=\"The ruling of a reviewing court that changes the outcome of the case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/r.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">reverse<\/a>d the decision on the negligence, fraud, and loss of consortium claims. The case was returned to the trial court to continue with further proceedings. Notre Dame and the NCAA appealed the Eighth District\u2019s decision to the Ohio Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.\u00a0<a title=\"An opportunity for lawyers to argue their positions and answer questions from the judges who will decide the case being appealed.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/o.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">Oral argument<\/a>\u00a0in this case will be conducted at a special off-site court session in Putnam County.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Legal Argument Overview<\/strong><br \/>\nThe\u00a0<a title=\"In court proceedings, one who files a civil or criminal case, one against whom a case is filed, or one with a direct interest in a case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/p.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">parties<\/a>\u00a0dispute whether the Schmitzes waited too long to initiate a lawsuit in common pleas court. The parties also argue the distinction between characterizing CTE, a certain type of brain injury associated with football and other contact sports, as a \u201clatent disease\u201d or a \u201clatent effect\u201d of an injury. If CTE is a latent disease, it would be a separate injury or illness compared with a brain injury, such as a concussion. If CTE is the latent effect of a disease, it would be the continuation and increased severity of a brain injury that worsens over time. The distinction impacts the timing of when the player\u2019s lawsuit must be filed to comply with Ohio\u2019s statute of limitations for certain\u00a0<a title=\"A case other than a criminal case, usually involving one party\u2019s claim for money from the other.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/c.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">civil case<\/a>s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Suit Should Have Been Filed Earlier, Institutions Argue<\/strong><br \/>\nNotre Dame and the NCAA argue that all three main claims \u2014 negligence and the two fraud counts \u2014 are actually personally injury claims, and are governed by the two-year statute of limitations in\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view Revised Code 2305.10(A). Link opens new window.\" href=\"http:\/\/codes.ohio.gov\/orc\/2305.10\" target=\"_blank\">R.C. 2305.10(A)<\/a>. Loss of consortium is a related claim that can only move forward as long as the courts allow any of the three main claims to be considered.<\/p>\n<p>The institutions contend the time limit begins to run from the time the\u00a0<a title=\"In a civil case, someone against whom a lawsuit is filed. In a criminal case, someone accused of a crime.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/d.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">defendant<\/a>\u00a0commits the \u201cwrongful act\u201d upon which the action is based. They also claim there is a narrow exception to the rule in R.C. 2305.10(A) called the \u201cdiscovery rule,\u201d which applies to injuries that don\u2019t \u201cmanifest\u201d themselves at the time of the wrongful conduct. The institutions claim that CTE and other neurological problems are the long-term effects of injuries that \u201cmanifested\u201d immediately during Steve Schmitz\u2019s playing days, and that if the couple is claiming Notre Dame and the NCAA are responsible for the wrongful conduct, then the conduct took place no later than 1978 when he stopped playing. If that is when the injuries occurred, the statute of limitations to file a lawsuit ended decades ago, the institutions conclude.<\/p>\n<p>The institutions also maintain that even if the CTE is a new injury and the discovery rule does apply, the couple still waited too long to file the lawsuit because they should have realized Steve Schmitz was suffering from head injuries long before they received a formal diagnosis from the Cleveland Clinic. Citing the Ohio Supreme Court\u2019s 1983\u00a0<em>O\u2019Stricker v. Jim Walter Corp.<\/em>\u00a0decision, the institutions explain the discovery rule states that when an injury doesn\u2019t immediately manifest itself, the statute of limitations begins to run from the date that the injured person is \u201cinformed by a competent medical authority\u201d or the date the injured person \u201cby the exercise of reasonable diligence\u201d should become aware of the injury.<\/p>\n<p>The Eighth District ruled that CTE was a latent injury, separate from the concussions Steve Schmitz suffered while playing football, and the deadline to file a lawsuit started when he received his diagnosis from the Cleveland Clinic. Notre Dame and the NCAA counter that by exercising reasonable diligence, the Schmitzes should have known about the potential of developing CTE at least two years before the clinic\u2019s evaluation. The institutions note that the Schmitzes argue CTE involves the slow build-up of Tau protein in the brain tissue and causes progressive decline in brain function, and that the Schmitzes must have noticed the problems long before they went to the doctor.<\/p>\n<p>The institutions argue that both sides in this case claim that studies of head injuries to college athletes have been issued since the 1920s, and both sides should have been aware of the potential impact. They dispute the Schmitzes\u2019 argument that the institutions concealed information from athletes about the potential severity of the injuries, and they noted that in 2010 the NCAA instituted a concussion protocol that required Notre Dame and all schools to have concussion management plans.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn short, if the allegations of the Complaint are true, then by 2010 at the absolute latest, Mr. Schmitz was or should have been alerted to the possibility that head injuries can lead to significant, long-term cognitive impairment,\u201d the\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view this brief. Link opens new window.\" href=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.ohio.gov\/pdf_viewer\/pdf_viewer.aspx?pdf=835865.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">institutions\u2019 brief<\/a>\u00a0states.<\/p>\n<p>Notre Dame and the NCAA conclude that a lawsuit claiming it was responsible for causing CTE should have been filed within two years of the 2010 NCCA rule. The institutions also dispute the fraud allegations, and argue the Schmitzes waited too long to file on those claims as well. They argue that the four-year statute of limitation for fraud in\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view Revised Code 2305.09(C). Link opens new window.\" href=\"http:\/\/codes.ohio.gov\/orc\/2305.09\" target=\"_blank\">R.C. 2305.09(C)<\/a>\u00a0doesn\u2019t apply because a two-year time limit applies to all claims based on bodily injury regardless of whether they are characterized as fraud claims.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lawsuit Should Proceed, Family Asserts<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Schmitzes maintain the injury is a latent disease and the Eighth District correctly applied the discovery rule when it found that the case was filed in the appropriate amount of time. They argue the symptoms of CTE are different from the symptoms arising from concussions. They further maintain Steve Schmitz never knew he had concussions from the hits he endured while playing football and the Notre Dame staff never informed him that he suffered concussions when he felt dizzy or disoriented on the playing field. The complaint doesn\u2019t allege this is a known injury that worsened over time, and the fact that a player suffered head injuries during playing days doesn\u2019t prevent a lawsuit later when a diagnosis of a disease is delivered, they argue.<\/p>\n<p>The couple points to the Ohio Supreme Court\u2019s 1994\u00a0<em>Liddell v. SCA Services of Ohio Inc.<\/em>\u00a0<a title=\"A judge\u2019s written explanation of the decision of the court in a case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/o.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">opinion<\/a>\u00a0as the decision that explains how to apply the discovery rule to a latent disease. In\u00a0<em>Liddell<\/em>, a police officer was exposed to toxic fumes when he escorted school children out of a bus spewing toxic fumes after it overturned. He experienced breathing issues and six months later developed sinus infections. Six years later, a surgeon removed a tumor from his sinus cavity that revealed cancer. While the officer was aware he had been exposed to toxic fumes from the time of the accident, he sued the transportation company based on the latent disease. The Supreme Court applied Ohio\u2019s discovery rule to the case and found the two-year statute of limitations didn\u2019t begin until the officer\u2019s cancer was revealed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLike the police officer in\u00a0<em>Liddell<\/em>, prior to his diagnosis with CTE, Steve Schmitz did not know that he had been exposed to the risk of a latent brain disease caused by football or that he would be diagnosed with that latent brain disease at age 57,\u201d the\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view this brief. Link opens new window.\" href=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.ohio.gov\/pdf_viewer\/pdf_viewer.aspx?pdf=838155.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Schmitzes\u2019 brief<\/a>\u00a0states.<\/p>\n<p>The couple also disputes the claim that they must have known about the injury long before going to the Cleveland Clinic. They argue because the trial court dismissed the lawsuit at the earliest stages,\u00a0<a title=\"Procedures used to obtain disclosure of evidence before trial.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/d.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">discovery<\/a>hadn\u2019t taken place and the institutions are only speculating on what the Schmitzes might have known about the impact of a brain injury three decades after participation in a college sport. The Schmitzes maintain that the clock began to run on filing a lawsuit when a competent medical authority, the Cleveland Clinic, issued the diagnosis, and that the case was filed within two years of the diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Friend-of-the-Court Briefs Filed on Each Side<\/strong><br \/>\nAn\u00a0<a title=\"Latin, meaning 'friend of the court.' A person or group that is not a party in a case, but who asks a court or is requested by a court to file a brief because of a special interest in the subject of the case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/a.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">amicus curiae<\/a>\u00a0brief supporting Notre Dame and the NCAA\u2019s position has been submitted by the\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view this brief. Link opens new window.\" href=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.ohio.gov\/pdf_viewer\/pdf_viewer.aspx?pdf=835880.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Association of Civil Trial Attorneys<\/a>. The\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view this brief. Link opens new window.\" href=\"https:\/\/supremecourt.ohio.gov\/pdf_viewer\/pdf_viewer.aspx?pdf=838134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Association for Justice<\/a>\u00a0has filed an amicus brief supporting the Schmitzes.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Dan Trevas<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Docket entries, memoranda, briefs (including\u00a0<a title=\"Latin, meaning \u2018friend of the court.\u2019 A person or group that is not a party in a case, but who asks a court or is requested by a court to file a brief because of a special interest in the subject of the case.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/a.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\"><em>amicus<\/em><\/a>\u00a0briefs), and other information about this case may be accessed through the\u00a0<a title=\"Click to view the docket for this case. Link opens new window.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourt.ohio.gov\/Clerk\/ecms\/#\/caseinfo\/2017\/0098\" target=\"_blank\">case docket<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b>Contacts<\/b><br \/>\nRepresenting the National Collegiate Athletic Association: Frederick Nance, 216.479.8500<\/p>\n<p>Representing University of Notre Dame: Matthew Karis, 614.469.3939<\/p>\n<p>Representing Steven Schmitz\u00a0<a title=\"Latin, meaning 'and others.' An abbreviation usually used after the first name listed in a case name when there are many parties. (ex: 'Smith et al. v. Jones et al.') \" href=\"http:\/\/www.courtnewsohio.gov\/glossary\/e.asp\" rel=\"tooltip\">et al.<\/a>: Robert DeRose, 614.221.4221<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Next week, a potential landmark case will be heard by the Ohio Supreme Court. This is the first CTE case to reach the high courts. And the stakes could not be higher. At issue: when does a CTE claim accrue for purposes of the statute of limitations? The plaintiffs, correctly, argue that CTE is a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[506,29,16,619,287,529,620,112,4,617,241,618,220,487],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1980"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1980"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1984,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1980\/revisions\/1984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nflconcussionlitigation.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}